Comparing metrics at large: harmonic vs quo-harmonic coordinates

To compare two space-times on large domains, and in particular the global structure of their manifolds, requires using identical frames of reference and associated coordinate conditions. In this paper we use and compare two classes of time-like congruences and corresponding adapted coordinates: the harmonic and quo-harmonic classes. Besides the intrinsic definition and some of their intrinsic properties and differences we consider with some detail their differences at the level of the linearized approximation of the field equations. The hard part of this paper is an explicit and general determination of the harmonic and quo-harmonic coordinates adapted to the stationary character of three well-know metrics, Schwarzschild's, Curzon's and Kerr's, to order five of their asymptotic expansions. It also contains some relevant remarks on such problems as defining the multipoles of vacuum solutions or matching interior and exterior solutions.Comment: 27 pages, no figure

Is Private Production of Public Services Cheaper than Public Production? A meta-regression analysis of solid waste and water services

Privatization of local government services is assumed to deliver cost savings but empirical evidence for this from around the world is mixed. We conduct a meta-regression analysis of all econometric studies examining privatization for water distribution and solid waste collection services and find no systematic support for lower costs with private production. Differences in study results are explained by differences in time-period of the analyses, service characteristics, and policy environment. We do not find a genuine empirical effect of cost savings resulting from private production. The results suggest that to ensure cost savings, more attention be given to the cost characteristics of the service, the transaction costs involved, and the policy environment stimulating competition, rather than to the debate over public versus private delivery of these services.Privatization, contracting-out, costs, local governments, meta-regression analysis.

Interest of site-specific pollution control policies

Owing to increasing environmental concerns the current trend is to bend technical production systems in order to adapt them to the specific characteristics of the milieu and diversify them. Inherent to such dynamics is the issue of how to design the accompanying environmental policies. Theoretically, spatially targeted environmental policies are considered optimal, since economic agents tune their efforts according to the sensitivity of the milieu where they operate. But, according to empirical analyses, this advantage is undermined by the high cost of implementation, monitoring and enforcement. This paper outlines the conditions required for site-specific policies to be effective at least cost. Our starting point is the nitrate pollution of water from agriculture, which varies according to climate, soil type and agricultural production system. Farm management practices enabling to reduce pollution depend on this variability. An interdisciplinary study of the efficiency of differentiating the way this pollution is regulated was carried out on two sites in France. It focussed on assessing the importance of spatial variability in physical parameters and in private and social costs.NONPOINT POLLUTION; SITE SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY; SITE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; ABATEMENT COST; TRANSACTION COST

Stochastic Ergodicity Breaking: a Random Walk Approach

The continuous time random walk (CTRW) model exhibits a non-ergodic phase when the average waiting time diverges. Using an analytical approach for the non-biased and the uniformly biased CTRWs, and numerical simulations for the CTRW in a potential field, we obtain the non-ergodic properties of the random walk which show strong deviations from Boltzmann--Gibbs theory. We derive the distribution function of occupation times in a bounded region of space which, in the ergodic phase recovers the Boltzmann--Gibbs theory, while in the non-ergodic phase yields a generalized non-ergodic statistical law.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Ergodicity Breaking in a Deterministic Dynamical System

The concept of weak ergodicity breaking is defined and studied in the context of deterministic dynamics. We show that weak ergodicity breaking describes a weakly chaotic dynamical system: a nonlinear map which generates subdiffusion deterministically. In the non-ergodic phase non-trivial distribution of the fraction of occupation times is obtained. The visitation fraction remains uniform even in the non-ergodic phase. In this sense the non-ergodicity is quantified, leading to a statistical mechanical description of the system even though it is not ergodic.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Energy and Momentum Distributions of a (2+1)-dimensional black hole background

Using Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papapetrou and Weinberg energy-momentum complexes we explicitly evaluate the energy and momentum distributions associated with a non-static and circularly symmetric three-dimensional spacetime. The gravitational background under study is an exact solution of the Einstein's equations in the presence of a cosmological constant and a null fluid. It can be regarded as the three-dimensional analogue of the Vaidya metric and represents a non-static spinless (2+1)-dimensional black hole with an outflux of null radiation. All four above-mentioned prescriptions give exactly the same energy and momentum distributions for the specific black hole background. Therefore, the results obtained here provide evidence in support of the claim that for a given gravitational background, different energy-momentum complexes can give identical results in three dimensions. Furthermore, in the limit of zero cosmological constant the results presented here reproduce the results obtained by Virbhadra who utilized the Landau-Lifshitz energy-momentum complex for the same (2+1)-dimensional black hole background in the absence of a cosmological constant.Comment: 19 pages, LaTeX, v3: references added, to appear in Int.J.Mod.Phys.

A Random Walk to a Non-Ergodic Equilibrium Concept

Random walk models, such as the trap model, continuous time random walks, and comb models exhibit weak ergodicity breaking, when the average waiting time is infinite. The open question is: what statistical mechanical theory replaces the canonical Boltzmann-Gibbs theory for such systems? In this manuscript a non-ergodic equilibrium concept is investigated, for a continuous time random walk model in a potential field. In particular we show that in the non-ergodic phase the distribution of the occupation time of the particle on a given lattice point, approaches U or W shaped distributions related to the arcsin law. We show that when conditions of detailed balance are applied, these distributions depend on the partition function of the problem, thus establishing a relation between the non-ergodic dynamics and canonical statistical mechanics. In the ergodic phase the distribution function of the occupation times approaches a delta function centered on the value predicted based on standard Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. Relation of our work with single molecule experiments is briefly discussed.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure

Ambipolar Nernst effect in NbSe2_2

The first study of Nernst effect in NbSe$_2$ reveals a large quasi-particle contribution with a magnitude comparable and a sign opposite to the vortex signal. Comparing the effect of the Charge Density Wave(CDW) transition on Hall and Nernst coefficients, we argue that this large Nernst signal originates from the thermally-induced counterflow of electrons and holes and indicates a drastic change in the electron scattering rate in the CDW state. The results provide new input for the debate on the origin of the anomalous Nernst signal in high-T$_c$ cuprates.Comment: 5 pages including 4 figure

Reference frames and rigid motions in relativity: Applications

The concept of rigid reference frame and of constricted spatial metric, given in the previous work [\emph{Class. Quantum Grav.} {\bf 21}, 3067,(2004)] are here applied to some specific space-times: In particular, the rigid rotating disc with constant angular velocity in Minkowski space-time is analyzed, a new approach to the Ehrenfest paradox is given as well as a new explanation of the Sagnac effect. Finally the anisotropy of the speed of light and its measurable consequences in a reference frame co-moving with the Earth are discussed.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur

Are we there yet? Understanding the implementation of re-municipalization decisions and their duration

Studies of the drivers of the decision to re-municipalize have increased recently, but research on its implementation is very scarce. We analyse how service characteristics and institutional factors influence the implementation of re-municipalization. For that purpose, we use an extensive database on re-municipalization decisions, and analyse the available data by means of logistic and negative binomial regressions. Strong network characteristics are associated with lower probabilities of implementation and longer implementation processes. Re-municipalization of personal services is more likely to be fully implemented and is finalized faster. Interestingly, after the great recession the probability of implementing reforms increased